Was Alexander the Great a Hermaphrodite and Chimera?
Alexander the Great is often portrayed as this really macho guy who, before the age of thirty, had conquered much of the known world, and much of this, by fighting at the head of his troops.
OK...but, is it possible that Alexander the Great was a hermaphrodite (possessed the sexual organs of a man AND a woman) and a chimera ?
At first blush, this seems outrageous, but , if you look at historical accounts of the real Alexander, maybe not.
Number one, most accounts acknowledge that it seems Alexander was not strictly heterosexual. While many want to say he was strictly homosexual, others stress a bisexual orientation, this pointing to perhaps him being a hermaphrodite.
Number two, one odd thing about Alexander was the fact he possessed two different eye colors, one being brown, and the other being blue, blue-grey, or even green.
Now, granted, one way this can happen is by way of trauma to the eye which has blood staining the iris. But, another way is for the individual to be a "chimera", or an individual with different cell types. Now, one individual that can have TWO different eye colors, is a Chimera. Chimeras are extremely interesting individuals.
Chimeras can be hermaphroditic and have male and female organs.
Here is an example of how odd chimera situations can be.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/11/13/nivf113.xml&sSheet=/news/2003/11/13/ixhome.html
"Sons I gave birth to are 'unrelated' to meBy Roger Highfield
Last Updated: 7:12pm GMT 12/11/2003
One human chimera came to light when a 52-year-old woman demanded an explanation from doctors after tests showed that two of her three grown-up sons were biologically unrelated to her.
Although the woman, "Jane", conceived them naturally with her husband, tests to see if she could donate a kidney suggested that somehow she had given birth to somebody else's children.
A study in the New England Journal of Medicine by Dr Margot Kruskall, of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre in Boston, Massachusetts, showed that Jane is a chimera, a mixture of two individuals - non-identical twin sisters - whose cells intermingled in the womb and grew into a single body.
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Dr Kruskall believes the most likely explanation is that Jane's mother conceived non-identical twin girls, who fused at an early stage of the pregnancy to form a single embryo, according to a report published today in New Scientist.
For some reason, cells from only one twin dominate in Jane's blood - used for tissue-typing. In her other tissues, however, including her ovaries, cells of both twins live amicably alongside each other, hence the apparently impossible genetics of her three sons.
One son came from an egg derived from the twin whose cells dominate Jane's blood, while his brothers came from eggs derived from the other twin's cells.
Around 30 similar instances of chimerism have been reported, and there are probably many more who will never discover their unusual origins. Most chimeras probably go through life unaware of their unusual constitution."
So, the two different eye color COULD mean Alexander was a chimera, that in the womb, there were two non-identical twins whose cells intermingled in the womb and became one individual, i.e. Alexander. In other words, a male and female non-identical twin could have fused intrauterinely.
Here's more on chimerism in humans.
http://www.physicsforums.com/archive/index.php/t-85087.html
"08-13-2005, 03:14 AM
Chimerism may occur naturally during pregnancy, when two non-identical twins (even of different sexes) combine in the womb at a very early stage of development, such as that of the blastocyst, to form a single organism. Such an organism is called a tetragametic chimera as it is formed from four gametes — two eggs and two sperm.As the organism develops, the resulting chimera can come to possess organs that have different sets of chromosomes. For example, the chimera may have a liver composed of cells with one set of chromosomes and have a kidney composed of cells with a second set of chromosomes. This has occurred in humans, though it is considered extremely rare, but since it can only be detected through DNA testing, which itself is currently rare, it may be more common than currently believed. As of 2003, there were about 30 human cases in the literature, according to New Scientist.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_%28animal%29DHC [Discovery Health Channel] ran a special called "I am my own twin", which is about two women who are both chimeras. One of these nearly lost her two children through the courts because she couldn't prove that she was the mother - the DNA didn't match. These women each have two sets of DNA, with one being most dominant and found in most parts of the body, and the other being much more difficult to find, and in one case, only found in certain organs. Only after extensive testing was the other DNA located and identified; finally proving that these women are the mothers of their children as they claimed. It is a fascinating story that ends by questioning just how rare this really may be. One of the most unusual aspects of their stories is that they are otherwise completely normal. There is no outward clue that either one has this condition. Photographs of two other chimeras were shown. One was a baby who, between the belly button and pubic region, was dark and mostly female on one side, and white and mostly male on the other, with a distinct line right down the middle. The other chimera shown actually had a black and white checker board pattern on the belly and chest! "
Now, Alexander, as a chimera, COULD have also demonstrated ONLY male sexual characteristics, and as noted, certainly many chimeras look completely normal from the outside. But, as a chimera formed for a male and female conceptus, could this explain some other ODD things about Alexander ?
Number three, one noted thing about Alexander was that he cried often. This would have been a bit odd for the commander of one of the largest armies in the world. He also asked people for advice, another somewhat more feminine characteristic.
Physically, we have a few other interesting clues. Most note he was a bit under the normal stature, and that his arms were a bit thing, although he was well muscled.
He apparently had an appearance that made a big impact on everyone he met. He had fair skin, long, tousled hair, and even apparently had strong feelings about what sort of hairdo looked best on him, and consciously would rearrange his hair. Consider the following contemporary description...
http://www.thegreatalexander.com/articles/?p=34
"The above description is also supported by the majority of moderd historians. Peter Green in his book “Alexander of Macedon, 356-323 BC: A Historical biography” writes about Alexander appearance: “His hair, blond and tousled, is traditionally said to have resembled a lion’s mane, and he had that high complexion which fair-skinned people so often display. His eyes were odd, one being grey-blue and the other dark brown.” . Peter Tsouras in his book “Alexander: Invicible king of Macedonia” is describing Alexander as: “He was below average height and of medium build, though tough and well muscled with a legendary iron constitution. His complexion was ruddy, and when exercised he face and chest would take a high color. His hair is variously described as blond or tawny. It was thick, and he wore it swept back and to the sides to resemble, as many said, a lion’s mane.[..] His eyes were said to be of different colors, one brown and the other gray or green. That alone would have arrested those who met him, but in the ancient world it was a magical sign of divine favor as well. What was truly magical was the look of the eyes. Contemporaries said they had a “melting” charm."
And this one:
" Itinerary of Alexander 6
He himself was of sharp expression and had a somewhat aquiline nose; his forehead was almost all hare, though quite thickly fringed from exercise because ol the speed at which he would ride; he let this be the deciding factor here, and as a result he had made his hair curl upwards and lie back and away from his face.
He used to say that this was more becoming lor a soldier than if his hair were to hang downwards.
He was a young man medium in stature, somewhat shrivelled in his limbs though they were not such as to make him any the slower when his blood was up, a fact which aided him in action even if it did not benefit his appearance, knotted indeed as his body was, with a good number of protruding muscles, it was with remarkable coordination of the sinews that his strength was exerted.
Tireless in running at any goal he chose, he was vehement in attacking his threatened victim; excessive in the convulsive effort ot hurling a spear, he was still skilled in aiming at his target.
Hot-blooded in his onrush where boldness was railed for, resolute in taking on a confident adversary, he was certain of his intention when at a distance from the enemy, and full of violence at close quarters; on horseback he lacked foresight, and was quite wild - on foot, fearless and unrelenting in combat.
He seemed to be everywhere to give orders in difficult situations, vet he laid an even heavier burden on his men by the incentive of the personal example he set them: tor he thought it shameful to be outdone by anyone in some valiant piece of work, as he energetically demanded of his body the due contribution of its youthful strength.
He himself looked somewhat rough with his pointed beard; the rest of his face was clean-shaven. As for the care which anyone would quite rightly take of himself, he would wish this for himself, certainly either in his role as general or merely as a soldier.
Now that i have given you a portrait of Alexander, it is for you to look to yourself, for flaterry has not been my intention, and i refuse to seem pleasing to your ears when all your men may take judgement of you with their eyes."
And this one:
"Aelian, Varia Historia 12.14
They say that Alexander, son of Philip, enjoyed natural good looks, with curly-fair hair hut they add that there was something in his appearance that aroused tear."
Now, let's recap the above. Alexander had two different eye colors. He had blond or fair hair, often described as "tousled" and he obviously spent time thinking about how his hair looked best, and indeed, he had ideas on haircuts and styling for other soldiers. He had "shriveled arms", less than average stature, and was attracted apparently to men AND women.
He also had fair skin to match the fair hair.
Fair hair is not usually associated with Greek men. In fact, consider this statement on races and cultures from http://www.discover.com/issues/nov-94/features/racewithoutcolor444/
"As it turns out, this seemingly unassailable reasoning is not objective. There are many different, equally valid procedures for defining races, and those different procedures yield very different classifications. One such procedure would group Italians and Greeks with most African blacks. " Italians tend to have darker hair, as do Greek men, as well as darker skin.
Also, consider this from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people
"Ancient Greece and Rome used white (lenkon in Greek; alba in Latin) as one description of skin color. Its light appearance was distinguished, for example, in a comparison of white-skinned Persian soldiers from the sun-tanned skin of Greek troops in Xenophon's Agesilaus.[4] One early use of the term appears in the Amherst Papyri, which were scrolls written in ancient Ptolemaic Greek. It contained the use of Black and White in reference to human skin color.[5] In an analysis of the rise of the term, classicist James Dee found that, "the Greeks and Romans do not describe themselves as lenkon genos or albi homines—or as anything else because they had no regular word in their color vocabulary for themselves—and we can see that the concept of a distinct 'white race' was not present in the ancient world."[6]"
Thus, there are many ODD things about Alexander the Great. He apparently was a sensitive person in the sense of being able to get in touch with his feelings and knew how to inspire extreme loyalty from large number of fighting men. He also seemed to have been very moody, and by all accounts "hated ugly people". He was very focussed on how he and other people looked.
Another unusual thing about Alexander involved his mother, Olimpia.
http://www.illyrians.org/olimpia.html
"Olimpia: Mother of Great Alexander
Olimpia
No one in history has been more reviled than Olympias, the mother of Alexander. She has universally been condemned as an evil, scheming, murderous witch. The only good words ever written about her are that she was beautiful and she loved her son.
That she was beautiful cannot be doubted; even those contemporaries who most hated her concede this. The only surviving portrait of her is on a coin of the period and tells us nothing. It is simply a standard Greek head of a beautiful woman in the style of the day. Like the face on the cover of a contemporary fashion magazine, it says nothing about the woman other than the obvious fact that she is beautiful. Given her lineage and the knowledge that she was from The North, it is probable that she was fair. Mary Renault supposes her to have had red hair and that is not unlikely as that was most common in her area. Epiros shares boarders with the Celt Illyrian tribes and these fierce barbarians are Celtic peoples. She was born a princess of Epiros, a small semi barbaric kingdom to the northwest of Greece which is now Albania. Her father was killed when she was young and the new king, her uncle, raised her as his own.
She was descended from Neoptolemus, King Of Aegina, who was the grandfather of Hercules and had semi divine, as well as, royal lineage. It is through his mother, Olympias, that Alexander traced back his blood to Hercules, the hero God that so influenced his life.
How she loved her son, Alexander, is another, more complicated question. Olympias was a woman in a world of men. In a time and place where women were considered to be somewhat less than human, Olympias held power over men. This fact alone would have been enough to extract the most severe criticism. Coupled with her haughty nature, it produced an excoriation which has not been duplicated in any other woman.
As a Epirote woman of the fourth century B.C., her power could only be possible through a man; this man was, at first, Philip II, King Of Macedon. Being his wife and Queen gave her extraordinary power. The Marriage was said to be a love match in the beginning and though that is possible, The resulting alliance gave Philip some much needed security on his very volatile northwestern frontier. Epiros stood most conveniently between Macedon and the marauding tribes of The Northwest who regularly invaded and pillaged Macedon and Northern Greece."
The two main things here are this. Olimpia had to depend on a male to get power, either through Philip or through a MALE child...i.e., Alexander. Even if Alexander had been a hermaphrodite, or even a female (I do not for a second think Alexander was a female), Olimpia , ambitious and power hungry as she was, could settle for nothing less than an aggressive male son. Her child would have to , if anything, be a very aggressive over achiever, especially if he did have strong feminine characteristics.
As I read the descriptions of Alexander, I see an androgynous body habitus, that he worked hard to "muscle up" and "get ripped", but I think he did not have normal amounts of testosterone, and though he could tone his muscles, he was frustrated with not being able to "pump up" and develop the kinds of large, bulging muscles that some of his soldiers had.
Thus, he overcompensated by being the epitome of aggression, both in terms of world conquest, and his fighting skill in front of his troops.
OK...but, is it possible that Alexander the Great was a hermaphrodite (possessed the sexual organs of a man AND a woman) and a chimera ?
At first blush, this seems outrageous, but , if you look at historical accounts of the real Alexander, maybe not.
Number one, most accounts acknowledge that it seems Alexander was not strictly heterosexual. While many want to say he was strictly homosexual, others stress a bisexual orientation, this pointing to perhaps him being a hermaphrodite.
Number two, one odd thing about Alexander was the fact he possessed two different eye colors, one being brown, and the other being blue, blue-grey, or even green.
Now, granted, one way this can happen is by way of trauma to the eye which has blood staining the iris. But, another way is for the individual to be a "chimera", or an individual with different cell types. Now, one individual that can have TWO different eye colors, is a Chimera. Chimeras are extremely interesting individuals.
Chimeras can be hermaphroditic and have male and female organs.
Here is an example of how odd chimera situations can be.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/11/13/nivf113.xml&sSheet=/news/2003/11/13/ixhome.html
"Sons I gave birth to are 'unrelated' to meBy Roger Highfield
Last Updated: 7:12pm GMT 12/11/2003
One human chimera came to light when a 52-year-old woman demanded an explanation from doctors after tests showed that two of her three grown-up sons were biologically unrelated to her.
Although the woman, "Jane", conceived them naturally with her husband, tests to see if she could donate a kidney suggested that somehow she had given birth to somebody else's children.
A study in the New England Journal of Medicine by Dr Margot Kruskall, of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre in Boston, Massachusetts, showed that Jane is a chimera, a mixture of two individuals - non-identical twin sisters - whose cells intermingled in the womb and grew into a single body.
advertisement
Dr Kruskall believes the most likely explanation is that Jane's mother conceived non-identical twin girls, who fused at an early stage of the pregnancy to form a single embryo, according to a report published today in New Scientist.
For some reason, cells from only one twin dominate in Jane's blood - used for tissue-typing. In her other tissues, however, including her ovaries, cells of both twins live amicably alongside each other, hence the apparently impossible genetics of her three sons.
One son came from an egg derived from the twin whose cells dominate Jane's blood, while his brothers came from eggs derived from the other twin's cells.
Around 30 similar instances of chimerism have been reported, and there are probably many more who will never discover their unusual origins. Most chimeras probably go through life unaware of their unusual constitution."
So, the two different eye color COULD mean Alexander was a chimera, that in the womb, there were two non-identical twins whose cells intermingled in the womb and became one individual, i.e. Alexander. In other words, a male and female non-identical twin could have fused intrauterinely.
Here's more on chimerism in humans.
http://www.physicsforums.com/archive/index.php/t-85087.html
"08-13-2005, 03:14 AM
Chimerism may occur naturally during pregnancy, when two non-identical twins (even of different sexes) combine in the womb at a very early stage of development, such as that of the blastocyst, to form a single organism. Such an organism is called a tetragametic chimera as it is formed from four gametes — two eggs and two sperm.As the organism develops, the resulting chimera can come to possess organs that have different sets of chromosomes. For example, the chimera may have a liver composed of cells with one set of chromosomes and have a kidney composed of cells with a second set of chromosomes. This has occurred in humans, though it is considered extremely rare, but since it can only be detected through DNA testing, which itself is currently rare, it may be more common than currently believed. As of 2003, there were about 30 human cases in the literature, according to New Scientist.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_%28animal%29DHC [Discovery Health Channel] ran a special called "I am my own twin", which is about two women who are both chimeras. One of these nearly lost her two children through the courts because she couldn't prove that she was the mother - the DNA didn't match. These women each have two sets of DNA, with one being most dominant and found in most parts of the body, and the other being much more difficult to find, and in one case, only found in certain organs. Only after extensive testing was the other DNA located and identified; finally proving that these women are the mothers of their children as they claimed. It is a fascinating story that ends by questioning just how rare this really may be. One of the most unusual aspects of their stories is that they are otherwise completely normal. There is no outward clue that either one has this condition. Photographs of two other chimeras were shown. One was a baby who, between the belly button and pubic region, was dark and mostly female on one side, and white and mostly male on the other, with a distinct line right down the middle. The other chimera shown actually had a black and white checker board pattern on the belly and chest! "
Now, Alexander, as a chimera, COULD have also demonstrated ONLY male sexual characteristics, and as noted, certainly many chimeras look completely normal from the outside. But, as a chimera formed for a male and female conceptus, could this explain some other ODD things about Alexander ?
Number three, one noted thing about Alexander was that he cried often. This would have been a bit odd for the commander of one of the largest armies in the world. He also asked people for advice, another somewhat more feminine characteristic.
Physically, we have a few other interesting clues. Most note he was a bit under the normal stature, and that his arms were a bit thing, although he was well muscled.
He apparently had an appearance that made a big impact on everyone he met. He had fair skin, long, tousled hair, and even apparently had strong feelings about what sort of hairdo looked best on him, and consciously would rearrange his hair. Consider the following contemporary description...
http://www.thegreatalexander.com/articles/?p=34
"The above description is also supported by the majority of moderd historians. Peter Green in his book “Alexander of Macedon, 356-323 BC: A Historical biography” writes about Alexander appearance: “His hair, blond and tousled, is traditionally said to have resembled a lion’s mane, and he had that high complexion which fair-skinned people so often display. His eyes were odd, one being grey-blue and the other dark brown.” . Peter Tsouras in his book “Alexander: Invicible king of Macedonia” is describing Alexander as: “He was below average height and of medium build, though tough and well muscled with a legendary iron constitution. His complexion was ruddy, and when exercised he face and chest would take a high color. His hair is variously described as blond or tawny. It was thick, and he wore it swept back and to the sides to resemble, as many said, a lion’s mane.[..] His eyes were said to be of different colors, one brown and the other gray or green. That alone would have arrested those who met him, but in the ancient world it was a magical sign of divine favor as well. What was truly magical was the look of the eyes. Contemporaries said they had a “melting” charm."
And this one:
" Itinerary of Alexander 6
He himself was of sharp expression and had a somewhat aquiline nose; his forehead was almost all hare, though quite thickly fringed from exercise because ol the speed at which he would ride; he let this be the deciding factor here, and as a result he had made his hair curl upwards and lie back and away from his face.
He used to say that this was more becoming lor a soldier than if his hair were to hang downwards.
He was a young man medium in stature, somewhat shrivelled in his limbs though they were not such as to make him any the slower when his blood was up, a fact which aided him in action even if it did not benefit his appearance, knotted indeed as his body was, with a good number of protruding muscles, it was with remarkable coordination of the sinews that his strength was exerted.
Tireless in running at any goal he chose, he was vehement in attacking his threatened victim; excessive in the convulsive effort ot hurling a spear, he was still skilled in aiming at his target.
Hot-blooded in his onrush where boldness was railed for, resolute in taking on a confident adversary, he was certain of his intention when at a distance from the enemy, and full of violence at close quarters; on horseback he lacked foresight, and was quite wild - on foot, fearless and unrelenting in combat.
He seemed to be everywhere to give orders in difficult situations, vet he laid an even heavier burden on his men by the incentive of the personal example he set them: tor he thought it shameful to be outdone by anyone in some valiant piece of work, as he energetically demanded of his body the due contribution of its youthful strength.
He himself looked somewhat rough with his pointed beard; the rest of his face was clean-shaven. As for the care which anyone would quite rightly take of himself, he would wish this for himself, certainly either in his role as general or merely as a soldier.
Now that i have given you a portrait of Alexander, it is for you to look to yourself, for flaterry has not been my intention, and i refuse to seem pleasing to your ears when all your men may take judgement of you with their eyes."
And this one:
"Aelian, Varia Historia 12.14
They say that Alexander, son of Philip, enjoyed natural good looks, with curly-fair hair hut they add that there was something in his appearance that aroused tear."
Now, let's recap the above. Alexander had two different eye colors. He had blond or fair hair, often described as "tousled" and he obviously spent time thinking about how his hair looked best, and indeed, he had ideas on haircuts and styling for other soldiers. He had "shriveled arms", less than average stature, and was attracted apparently to men AND women.
He also had fair skin to match the fair hair.
Fair hair is not usually associated with Greek men. In fact, consider this statement on races and cultures from http://www.discover.com/issues/nov-94/features/racewithoutcolor444/
"As it turns out, this seemingly unassailable reasoning is not objective. There are many different, equally valid procedures for defining races, and those different procedures yield very different classifications. One such procedure would group Italians and Greeks with most African blacks. " Italians tend to have darker hair, as do Greek men, as well as darker skin.
Also, consider this from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people
"Ancient Greece and Rome used white (lenkon in Greek; alba in Latin) as one description of skin color. Its light appearance was distinguished, for example, in a comparison of white-skinned Persian soldiers from the sun-tanned skin of Greek troops in Xenophon's Agesilaus.[4] One early use of the term appears in the Amherst Papyri, which were scrolls written in ancient Ptolemaic Greek. It contained the use of Black and White in reference to human skin color.[5] In an analysis of the rise of the term, classicist James Dee found that, "the Greeks and Romans do not describe themselves as lenkon genos or albi homines—or as anything else because they had no regular word in their color vocabulary for themselves—and we can see that the concept of a distinct 'white race' was not present in the ancient world."[6]"
Thus, there are many ODD things about Alexander the Great. He apparently was a sensitive person in the sense of being able to get in touch with his feelings and knew how to inspire extreme loyalty from large number of fighting men. He also seemed to have been very moody, and by all accounts "hated ugly people". He was very focussed on how he and other people looked.
Another unusual thing about Alexander involved his mother, Olimpia.
http://www.illyrians.org/olimpia.html
"Olimpia: Mother of Great Alexander
Olimpia
No one in history has been more reviled than Olympias, the mother of Alexander. She has universally been condemned as an evil, scheming, murderous witch. The only good words ever written about her are that she was beautiful and she loved her son.
That she was beautiful cannot be doubted; even those contemporaries who most hated her concede this. The only surviving portrait of her is on a coin of the period and tells us nothing. It is simply a standard Greek head of a beautiful woman in the style of the day. Like the face on the cover of a contemporary fashion magazine, it says nothing about the woman other than the obvious fact that she is beautiful. Given her lineage and the knowledge that she was from The North, it is probable that she was fair. Mary Renault supposes her to have had red hair and that is not unlikely as that was most common in her area. Epiros shares boarders with the Celt Illyrian tribes and these fierce barbarians are Celtic peoples. She was born a princess of Epiros, a small semi barbaric kingdom to the northwest of Greece which is now Albania. Her father was killed when she was young and the new king, her uncle, raised her as his own.
She was descended from Neoptolemus, King Of Aegina, who was the grandfather of Hercules and had semi divine, as well as, royal lineage. It is through his mother, Olympias, that Alexander traced back his blood to Hercules, the hero God that so influenced his life.
How she loved her son, Alexander, is another, more complicated question. Olympias was a woman in a world of men. In a time and place where women were considered to be somewhat less than human, Olympias held power over men. This fact alone would have been enough to extract the most severe criticism. Coupled with her haughty nature, it produced an excoriation which has not been duplicated in any other woman.
As a Epirote woman of the fourth century B.C., her power could only be possible through a man; this man was, at first, Philip II, King Of Macedon. Being his wife and Queen gave her extraordinary power. The Marriage was said to be a love match in the beginning and though that is possible, The resulting alliance gave Philip some much needed security on his very volatile northwestern frontier. Epiros stood most conveniently between Macedon and the marauding tribes of The Northwest who regularly invaded and pillaged Macedon and Northern Greece."
The two main things here are this. Olimpia had to depend on a male to get power, either through Philip or through a MALE child...i.e., Alexander. Even if Alexander had been a hermaphrodite, or even a female (I do not for a second think Alexander was a female), Olimpia , ambitious and power hungry as she was, could settle for nothing less than an aggressive male son. Her child would have to , if anything, be a very aggressive over achiever, especially if he did have strong feminine characteristics.
As I read the descriptions of Alexander, I see an androgynous body habitus, that he worked hard to "muscle up" and "get ripped", but I think he did not have normal amounts of testosterone, and though he could tone his muscles, he was frustrated with not being able to "pump up" and develop the kinds of large, bulging muscles that some of his soldiers had.
Thus, he overcompensated by being the epitome of aggression, both in terms of world conquest, and his fighting skill in front of his troops.
posted by Dr. John Baker,DC at 10:23 PM
4 comments
